What is the primary function of the U.S. Constitution?

The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. It creates the legal framework for the federal government, establishes the separation of powers across three branches, and guarantees fundamental rights to all individuals.

How many Articles and Amendments does the U.S. Constitution have?

The U.S. Constitution consists of 7 original Articles establishing the structure of government and federalism, and 27 ratified Amendments (the first 10 being the Bill of Rights).

What is the Supremacy Clause in Article VI?

Article VI, Clause 2 dictates that the U.S. Constitution, federal statutes, and U.S. treaties take precedence over any conflicting state or local laws.

How can the U.S. Constitution be amended under Article V?

An amendment can be proposed by a 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress or by a constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures. It requires ratification by 3/4 of the states (38 states).

Do non-citizens have constitutional rights under the U.S. Constitution?

Yes. Key provisions—including the 5th and 14th Amendment Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses and the 4th Amendment search protections—apply to 'persons,' granting legal rights to citizens and non-citizens alike.

What is the doctrine of Judicial Review?

Judicial Review is the power of federal courts, led by the Supreme Court (established in Marbury v. Madison), to review and strike down executive or legislative actions that violate the Constitution.

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Article V: The Amendment Process

Full text, legal breakdown, and practical explanations of constitutional laws.

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Article

Original Constitutional Text

"The Congress, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments..."

Simplified Explanation

Article V details the rigorous, multi-pathway process required to modify the U.S. Constitution, ensuring it remains stable and protected from short-term political majorities.

Key Clauses & Legal Precedents

The Dual Proposing Pathways

An amendment can be proposed either by a 2/3 vote in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, or by a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 (34) of the state legislatures.

The Dual Ratification Pathways

To become law, a proposed amendment must be ratified either by the legislatures of 3/4 (38) of the states, or by state conventions in 3/4 of the states, depending on which mode Congress proposes.

Official Legal & Government Sources

• Library of Congress Constitution Annotated: constitution.congress.gov
• National Archives America's Founding Documents: archives.gov/founding-docs
• Supreme Court of the United States Opinions: supremecourt.gov

Constitutional Authority

The U.S. Constitution has been amended only 27 times since 1787. The first 10 amendments constitute the Bill of Rights. Any change to the Constitution requires approval by 2/3 of both houses of Congress and ratification by 3/4 of the states.

Related Constitutional Guides

Legal Disclaimer

Constitutional jurisprudence is dynamic and subject to ongoing Supreme Court interpretations. For specific civil rights claims or legal defense, consult with a licensed constitutional lawyer.