What is the primary function of the U.S. Constitution?

The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. It creates the legal framework for the federal government, establishes the separation of powers across three branches, and guarantees fundamental rights to all individuals.

How many Articles and Amendments does the U.S. Constitution have?

The U.S. Constitution consists of 7 original Articles establishing the structure of government and federalism, and 27 ratified Amendments (the first 10 being the Bill of Rights).

What is the Supremacy Clause in Article VI?

Article VI, Clause 2 dictates that the U.S. Constitution, federal statutes, and U.S. treaties take precedence over any conflicting state or local laws.

How can the U.S. Constitution be amended under Article V?

An amendment can be proposed by a 2/3 vote in both houses of Congress or by a constitutional convention requested by 2/3 of state legislatures. It requires ratification by 3/4 of the states (38 states).

Do non-citizens have constitutional rights under the U.S. Constitution?

Yes. Key provisions—including the 5th and 14th Amendment Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses and the 4th Amendment search protections—apply to 'persons,' granting legal rights to citizens and non-citizens alike.

What is the doctrine of Judicial Review?

Judicial Review is the power of federal courts, led by the Supreme Court (established in Marbury v. Madison), to review and strike down executive or legislative actions that violate the Constitution.

Home/USA/Constitution/Article/Article 3

Article III: The Judicial Branch (Federal Courts)

Full text, legal breakdown, and practical explanations of constitutional laws.

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Article

Original Constitutional Text

"The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish..."

Simplified Explanation

Article III establishes the judicial branch, led by the U.S. Supreme Court. It guarantees that federal judges hold their offices for life during "good behavior" to shield them from political pressure.

Key Clauses & Legal Precedents

Section 2: Judicial Scope & Review

Defines the types of cases federal courts can hear (cases arising under the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties). While not explicitly stated in the text, the landmark case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the power of Judicial Review, allowing courts to strike down laws as unconstitutional.

Section 3: Defining Treason

Strictly defines Treason to prevent political abuse. Treason consists only in levying war against the U.S. or giving aid and comfort to enemies. Conviction requires the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or a confession in open court.

Official Legal & Government Sources

• Library of Congress Constitution Annotated: constitution.congress.gov
• National Archives America's Founding Documents: archives.gov/founding-docs
• Supreme Court of the United States Opinions: supremecourt.gov

Constitutional Authority

The U.S. Constitution has been amended only 27 times since 1787. The first 10 amendments constitute the Bill of Rights. Any change to the Constitution requires approval by 2/3 of both houses of Congress and ratification by 3/4 of the states.

Related Constitutional Guides

Legal Disclaimer

Constitutional jurisprudence is dynamic and subject to ongoing Supreme Court interpretations. For specific civil rights claims or legal defense, consult with a licensed constitutional lawyer.